Ekuthunyelweni kwemikhiqizo ye-alamu yokuphepha, i-CE, i-FCC, i-RoHS, i-UL, i-EN 50291-1, kanye ne-EN 50291-2 zivame ukukhulunywa ndawonye. Kodwa-ke, zibhekana nezinkinga ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukufinyelela emakethe, ukuphazamiseka kwemvamisa yomsakazo, ukuhambisana nemvelo kwezinto zokwakha, ukuphepha komkhiqizo, kanye nokusebenza kwe-alamu ye-carbon monoxide. Izinkampani kufanele zinqume izidingo zokuhambisana ezifanele ngokusekelwe emakethe eqondiwe, imisebenzi yomkhiqizo, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe.

I. Yiziphi izinkinga ezixazululwa yilezi zimfuneko eziyisithupha?

I-CE: Inquma ukuthi umkhiqizo uyahambisana yini nomthetho we-European Union osebenzayo futhi ungafakwa emakethe e-EU kanye nase-European Economic Area.

I-FCC: Ibhekana nokuthi umkhiqizo we-elekthronikhi noma ongenantambo ungabangela ukuphazamiseka okuyingozi kwemvamisa yomsakazo nokuthi uyahambisana yini nezidingo zemishini yemvamisa yomsakazo yase-US.

I-RoHS: Ibhekana nokuthi izinto eziyingozi ezivinjelwe emishinini kagesi neye-elekthronikhi kanye nezingxenye zazo ziyahambisana yini nezidingo zemvelo ze-EU.

I-UL: Ibhekana nokuthi umkhiqizo uyahambisana yini nezindinganiso ezithile zokuphepha noma ukusebenza futhi uqede ukuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa, kanye nesitifiketi seqembu lesithathu.

I-EN 50291-1: Ibhekana nokusebenza kokutholwa, ukusebenza kwe-alamu, kanye nokuthembeka kwesikhathi eside kwama-alamu e-carbon monoxide asetshenziswa emakhaya nasezindaweni ezifanayo zasekhaya.

I-EN 50291-2: Ibhekana nokusebenza kwama-alamu e-carbon monoxide asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezikhethekile eziphathwayo njengezimoto ezincane, izimoto zokuzijabulisa, kanye nemikhumbi yokuzijabulisa.

Lezi zimfuneko zingezezinhlelo ezahlukene zokuthobela imithetho futhi kufanele zibhekwe ngokwehlukana ngokomkhiqizo wangempela kanye nemakethe okuqondiwe kuyo.

II. CE: Ukufinyelela Emakethe YaseYurophu kanye Nokuhambisana Nomkhiqizo Ojwayelekile

2.1 Kuyini i-CE?

I-CE uphawu lokuhambisana olusetshenziswa ngaphakathi kohlaka lokuhambisana nomkhiqizo lwe-European Union. Ngokunamathisela uphawu lwe-CE, umenzi umemezela ukuthi umkhiqizo uhambisana nazo zonke izidingo zomthetho ze-EU ezifanele nokuthi ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana okudingekayo, imibhalo yobuchwepheshe, kanye neSimemezelo Sokuhambisana ne-EU sekuqediwe.

I-CE akuyona isivivinyo esisodwa noma isitifiketi esijwayelekile sayo yonke imikhiqizo. Kuyinqubo ephelele yokuthobela imithetho yemakethe.

2.2 Inqubo Yokuthobela Imithetho ye-CE Ivame Ukuqukatha ini?

1. Ukuhlonza umthetho we-EU osebenzayo kanye nezindinganiso ezivumelanisiwe;

2. Ukuqhuba ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo, ukuhlolwa kwengozi, kanye nanoma yikuphi ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana okudingekayo;

3. Ukulungiselela amadokhumenti obuchwepheshe, amalebula, imiyalelo, kanye nolwazi lokulandelela;

4. Ukusayina iSimemezelo Sokuhambisana ne-EU;

5. Ukunamathisela uphawu lwe-CE ngendlela efanele nokugcina amadokhumenti okuthobela imithetho.

2.3 Kusho ukuthini i-CE ngemikhiqizo ye-alamu?

Imikhiqizo ye-alamu ene-Bluetooth, i-Wi-Fi, i-Zigbee, noma eminye imisebenzi engenantambo ngokuvamile idinga ukuhlolwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-radio-spectrum, ukuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic, kanye nokuphepha komkhiqizo. Kuma-alamu kagesi angenayo imisebenzi engenantambo, izidingo ezifanele kufanele zinqunywe ngokuya ngokuhlinzekwa kwamandla, i-voltage yokusebenza, kanye nokwakhiwa komkhiqizo.

I-CE ikhuluma kakhulu ngokuthobela imithetho jikelele yemakethe yaseYurophu. Yona ngokwayo, ayifakazeli ukuthi i-alamu yentuthu noma i-alamu ye-carbon monoxide ihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezizinikele zokuthola nokusebenza ezisebenza kulowo mkhiqizo.

‌III. I-FCC: Ukuphazamiseka Kwemvamisa Yomsakazo Emakethe Yase-US

I-FCC yi-Federal Communications Commission yase-United States. Uhlaka lwayo lokugunyazwa kwemishini lulawula amandla e-radiofrequency akhiqizwa, asetshenziswa, noma akhishwa yimishini kagesi neye-elekthronikhi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphazamiseka okulimazayo kweminye imishini yokuxhumana.

Imikhiqizo yokuphepha evame ukungena ngaphansi kwezimfuneko ze-FCC ifaka phakathi amadivayisi asebenzisa i-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth, i-Zigbee, ukuxhumana kwemvamisa yomsakazo engu-433 MHz, amasango angenantambo, imisebenzi yokuthola ulwazi oluhlakaniphile, kanye nokuxhumana okungenantambo.

Yini Ehlolwa Ngokuyinhloko Ukuthobela Imithetho ye-FCC?

1. Ukuthi imvamisa yokusebenza, amandla okudlulisa, kanye ne-bandwidth kuyahambisana yini nemikhawulo efanele;

2. Ukuthi ukukhishwa okungelona iqiniso kanye ne-spectrum ehlaliswe ngaphakathi kwemingcele ebekiwe yini;

3. Ukuthi ukukhishwa kwegesi okukhishwe ngogesi kanye nokuqhutshwayo kudlula imikhawulo efanele;

4. Ukuthi idivayisi engenantambo ingabangela ukuphazamiseka okuyingozi kwezinye izinhlelo zokuxhumana.

Kalula nje, ukuthobela imithetho ye-FCC kubhekisisa kakhulu ukuthi umkhiqizo ungaphazamisa yini ukuxhumana okungenantambo. Akubonisi ngqo ukuthi i-alamu ingayibona yini ingozi ngokunembile.

IV. I-RoHS: Izinto Eziyingozi Emikhiqizweni Kagesi Neye-elekthronikhi

I-RoHS ivimbela izinto ezithile eziyingozi emishinini kagesi neye-elekthronikhi kanye nezingxenye zayo. Inhloso yayo ukunciphisa umthelela ongaba khona wemikhiqizo empilweni yabantu kanye nasemvelweni ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, ukusebenzisa, kanye nokulahla impilo yonke.

Kubakhiqizi be-alamu, i-RoHS ayisebenzi kuphela kumkhiqizo oqediwe kodwa futhi nasemabhodini wesekethe aphrintiwe, izintambo, izivalo zepulasitiki, i-solder, izixhumi, izingxenye zensimbi, nezinye izinto.

Yimaphi Amadokhumenti Avame Ukudingwa Yizinkampani?

1. Uhlu lwezinto ezidingekayo kanye nohlu lwezinto ezibalulekile;

2. Izimemezelo ze-RoHS zomhlinzeki noma imibiko yokuhlola;

3. Ulwazi lwezinto zepulasitiki, i-solder, izintambo, kanye nezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi;

4. Amarekhodi okulawula ushintsho lwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nomhlinzeki;

5. Uhlelo lokulandelela amaqoqo kanye nenqubo yokugcina amadokhumenti okuthobela imithetho.

Ukuthobela i-RoHS kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezivinjelwe zingaphakathi kwemingcele efanele. Akubonisi ukusebenza kokutholwa kwe-alamu, ukusebenza kwe-alamu, ukuphepha kukagesi, noma ukusebenza okungenantambo kwe-alamu.

V. UL: Ukuphepha Komkhiqizo kanye Nesitifiketi Sokusebenza Kwamazinga Athile

Isitifiketi se-UL siqondene nomkhiqizo kanye nezindinganiso kunokuba sibe isitifiketi esisodwa esisebenza kuwo wonke umkhiqizo. Imikhiqizo ehlukene kumele ihlolwe ngokwezindinganiso ezahlukene ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokuhlola, yokuhlola, kanye neyokuqinisekisa yomuntu wesithathu.

Izibonelo ezivamile zemikhiqizo kanye nezindinganiso ze-UL zifaka:

1. Ama-alamu omusi wendawo yokuhlala: UL 217;

2. Ama-alamu e-carbon monoxide yokuhlala: UL 2034;

3. Izitholi zomusi ezixhunywe ohlelweni: UL 268;

4. Oxhumana nabo abathile bamagnetic alamu yokugqekeza kanye ne-alamu: UL 634.

‌VI. EN 50291-1: Ukusebenza kwama-alamu e-Carbon Monoxide Ezakhiweni Zasekhaya

I-EN 50291-1 isebenza kumadivayisi kagesi okuthola nokuxwayisa i-carbon monoxide ehloselwe ukusebenza njalo emakhaya nasezindaweni ezifanayo zasekhaya. Ihlola ngokuyinhloko ukuthi idivayisi ingakwazi yini ukubona i-carbon monoxide ngokuthembekile futhi inikeze i-alamu ngesikhathi esifanele kumazinga e-CO acacisiwe.

Yiziphi Izindawo Zokusebenza Ezivame Ukumbozwa yi-EN 50291-1?

1. Izikhathi zokuphendula nge-alamu ekugxilweni okuhlukene kwe-carbon monoxide;

2. Izinkomba ze-alamu ezizwakalayo nezibonakalayo;

3. Ukusebenza kwebhethri, izixwayiso zebhethri eliphansi, kanye nezinkomba zamaphutha;

4. Ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene zokushisa nomswakama;

5. Ukumelana nokuphazanyiswa okuvela kwamanye amagesi;

6. Ukuqina kwesikhathi eside, ukumaka umkhiqizo, kanye nezidingo zemiyalelo.

I-EN 50291-1 iyindinganiso ethile yokusebenza komkhiqizo ebhekana nokuthi i-alamu ye-carbon monoxide ingasebenza ngokuthembekile yini ezindaweni zasekhaya.

VII. EN 50291-2: Ama-alamu e-Carbon Monoxide Ezimoto Zokuzijabulisa Nemisebenzi Yobuciko

I-EN 50291-2 isebenza ngokuyinhloko emishinini ye-alamu ye-carbon monoxide eyenzelwe ukufakwa okuhleliwe nokusebenza okuqhubekayo kuma-motorhomes, amaveni e-camper, ama-trailer okuhamba, izimoto zokuzijabulisa, kanye nezinye izindiza zokuzijabulisa.

Lezi zindawo zingase zibandakanye ukudlidliza, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, izinhlelo zamandla eselula, kanye nemishini yokushisa ekhethekile. Ngakho-ke umkhiqizo kumele uhlolwe ukuze ulungele izindawo zokusebenza eziselula kanye nezinye izindawo ezikhethekile zokusebenza.

Yiziphi Izindawo Ezivame Ukumbozwa Yi-EN 50291-2?

1. Ukuqina kwe-alamu ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile zokushisa nomswakama;

2. Imiphumela yokudlidliza nokunyakaza kumkhiqizo;

3. Izindlela zokunikeza ugesi kanye nokufaka;

4. Ukuqina kwenzwa yesikhathi eside;

5. Ukuphawula kanye nemiyalelo efanele izimoto zokuzijabulisa noma izinto zobuciko;

6. Ukuthembeka kwe-alamu ezindaweni ezisetshenziswa ngokukhethekile.

I-EN 50291-2 akuyona inguqulo yezinga eliphezulu ye-EN 50291-1. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zindinganiso ezimbili yindawo ezihloselwe ukusetshenziswa kuyo.

Isiphetho

I-CE ibhekana nokuthobela umthetho jikelele emakethe yaseYurophu. I-FCC ibhekana nemishini yemvamisa yomsakazo kanye nokuphazamiseka okungenantambo e-United States. I-RoHS ibhekana nemikhawulo ezintweni eziyingozi. I-UL ibhekana nokuphepha kanye nesitifiketi sokusebenza ngokwezindinganiso ezithile zomkhiqizo. I-EN 50291-1 ibhekana nokusebenza kwama-alamu e-carbon monoxide ezakhiweni zasekhaya, kuyilapho i-EN 50291-2 ibhekana nokusebenza kwe-alamu ye-carbon monoxide ezimotweni zokuzijabulisa, ezakhiweni ezifanayo ezihambayo, kanye nemikhumbi yokuzijabulisa.

Kubakhiqizi bemikhiqizo ye-alamu yokuphepha, ukuhlela isitifiketi sobungcweti kufanele kuqale ngesikhathi sokuchazwa nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo futhi kufanele kusekelwe emakethe eqondiwe, imisebenzi yomkhiqizo, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe.